What safety hazards might be encountered during TBM construction? When using a TBM for construction, the following safety hazards may be encountered:

　　1. Complex geological conditions: Encountering unstable strata, faults, karst caves, etc., can lead to severe consequences such as collapses or water inrushes.

　　2. Equipment failure: Due to prolonged high-load operation or improper maintenance, the TBM may experience mechanical failures such as cutterhead jamming or hydraulic system leaks.

　　3. Operational errors: Operators may make mistakes due to fatigue, negligence, or lack of experience, such as mishandling that leads to equipment loss of control.

　　4. Fire and explosion: Electrical short circuits or oil and gas leaks can trigger fires or explosions, posing threats to personnel and equipment safety.

　　5. Collapse accidents: Improper support measures or changes in geological conditions can cause local or overall collapses.

　　6. Toxic and harmful gases: In enclosed or semi-enclosed environments, toxic and harmful gases may be present, posing health hazards to operators.

　　7. Noise and vibration: Prolonged exposure to high noise and vibration environments can lead to hearing loss and physical discomfort for operators.

　　8. Limited visibility: Under complex geological conditions, operators’ visibility may be restricted, making it difficult to accurately judge the situation ahead.

　　9. Improper handling of emergencies: If emergency measures are improperly executed in the face of sudden situations such as mud bursts or equipment failures, the situation may worsen.

　　10. Poor personnel safety management: Lack of adequate safety training, insufficient protective equipment, or failure to implement strict safety management systems can increase the risk of accidents.

　　To ensure construction safety, effective preventive measures must be taken, including but not limited to, enhancing geological surveys, improving operators’ professional skills, strictly enforcing safety operating procedures, regularly inspecting and maintaining equipment, and establishing comprehensive emergency response mechanisms. Additionally, on-site supervision and management should be strengthened to ensure all safety measures are effectively implemented.