During TBM construction, a series of stringent safety measures must be taken to handle emergencies and ensure the safety of personnel and equipment. Here are some key safety measures:

　　1. Risk Assessment: Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment before construction to identify potential hazards, such as geological conditions, surrounding environment, and equipment status, and develop corresponding preventive measures.

　　2. Safety Training: Provide professional safety training to all operators, ensuring they are familiar with equipment operation, emergency response procedures, and personal protective measures.

　　3. On-site Monitoring: Install real-time monitoring systems to monitor the construction site 24/7, allowing for the timely detection of abnormal situations and the implementation of appropriate measures.

　　4. Emergency Plans: Develop detailed emergency plans, including response procedures for incidents such as fires, explosions, equipment failures, and collapses, and conduct regular drills.

　　5. Safety Equipment: Provide necessary safety equipment, such as helmets, safety belts, dust masks, and protective glasses, and ensure all personnel wear them during construction.

　　6. Regular Inspection and Maintenance: Perform regular inspections and maintenance on the TBM and related equipment to ensure they are in good condition and reduce the likelihood of failures.

　　7. Ventilation and Drainage: Ensure the construction site has adequate ventilation and drainage systems to prevent the accumulation of harmful gases and water, thereby reducing the risk of collapses.

　　8. Signal and Communication Systems: Establish effective signal and communication systems to ensure timely communication between operators and with the ground command center.

　　9. Emergency Evacuation Routes: Design reasonable emergency evacuation routes and ensure all personnel are familiar with escape methods and assembly points.

　　10. Rescue Preparation: Equip the site with necessary rescue equipment, such as first aid kits and firefighting equipment, and ensure that a professional rescue team is on standby at all times.

　　11. Environmental Protection: Take measures to prevent construction processes from polluting the surrounding environment, such as noise, dust, and wastewater.

　　12. Compliance with Laws and Regulations**: Strictly adhere to relevant safety regulations and standards to ensure all operations comply with legal requirements.

　　By implementing these safety measures, risks during the construction process can be minimized, ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment. Additionally, it is crucial to continuously monitor new safety technologies and management methods to continually improve construction safety levels.