A TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) is an efficient and safe tunnel construction equipment that achieves integrated construction of multiple processes such as excavation, support, and formation through continuous and automated operation.

　　The working principle of a TBM mainly relies on the combination of mechanical excavation, rock breaking, and soil transportation technologies. Its core components include the cutterhead, the propulsion system, the support system, and the control system.

　　1、Cutterhead: The front end of the TBM is a large circular cutterhead equipped with multiple cutting tools or drills. When the TBM starts, the cutterhead rotates to cut the rock or soil ahead, crushing and discharging it.

　　2、Propulsion System: The TBM’s propulsion system consists of hydraulic cylinders, screw motors, and other components that provide powerful thrust to drive the TBM forward. Additionally, the propulsion system can adjust the TBM's posture and direction, ensuring it accurately follows the predetermined tunnel route.

　　3、Support System: During excavation, the TBM needs to provide real-time tunnel support to prevent collapse. The support system typically uses prefabricated concrete lining segments or sprayed concrete to reinforce and seal the tunnel walls.

　　4、Control System: The control system is the "brain" of the entire TBM, responsible for monitoring and controlling the operating status of all components. Through sensors, computers, and automated control technologies, operators can accurately manage key parameters such as the TBM's position, speed, and cutterhead rotation speed in real time.

　　TBMs offer high efficiency, safety, and environmental protection during construction, making them widely used in tunnel construction for railways, highways, water conservancy projects, and more. With continuous advancements in technology, the performance and functionality of TBMs are constantly improving, providing more reliable and efficient solutions for tunnel engineering construction.